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¿Saint-Tropez? No, gracias. Los principales líderes de China pasarán sus vacaciones en este modesto pueblo costero

Estas vacaciones de verano, algunas de las personas más influyentes del mundo disfrutarán del sol en Saint-Tropez antes de navegar por la costa hasta Mónaco.

Pero no encontrará a la élite política de China bebiendo champaña en un superyate.

Cada verano, sus integrantes se retiran en secreto a Beidaihe, un modesto pueblo costero situado a unos 300 kilómetros al este de Beijing, frecuentado por familias chinas comunes desde hace mucho tiempo y que también ha sido un refugio para los líderes del Partido Comunista.

Las vacaciones anuales de los líderes están envueltas en misterio. No se sabe con exactitud qué día llegarán a la ciudad, pero las medidas de seguridad comienzan a reforzarse desde principios de julio. Los drones están prohibidos y los visitantes no pueden hacer paseos en globo aerostático ni excursiones privadas en barco por la costa.

Luego, en algún momento de comienzos de agosto, como si fuera una señal, el líder chino Xi Jinping y algunos de sus colaboradores más cercanos desaparecen de la vista pública.

No se hace ningún anuncio oficial, pero los registros públicos muestran que los principales líderes de China suelen tomarse un descanso en agosto de entre 10 y 14 días. Durante ese periodo, por lo general no aparecen en público, salvo en asuntos de urgencia nacional, como desastres naturales.

La ciudad es un destino acorde con un líder que ha convertido en una misión personal erradicar la corrupción en todos los niveles del Gobierno chino. Beidaihe está salpicada de villas grises de estilo soviético, muchas con letreros pintados de rojo y nombres como “Sanatorio de los Trabajadores”.

Senderos de piedra serpentean por la ciudad y conducen a una costa de arena fina y dorada. Sombrillas cubren la playa y restaurantes iluminados con luces de neón sirven mariscos frescos a comensales sentados en sencillas sillas plásticas blancas.

Rana Mitter, reconocido historiador especializado en la China moderna, dijo a CNN que ese destino austero refleja el mensaje más amplio de Xi de que cada individuo debe actuar con humildad y comprender su papel dentro del Partido.

Beidaihe ofrece una fascinante ventana a la historia del liderazgo del Partido y al pasado de China. Su apariencia discreta contrasta con su popularidad: recibe alrededor de 50 millones de turistas nacionales cada año.

Quienes se adentran en el mar, cuyas aguas pueden sentirse frías incluso en verano, alcanzan a ver el paso de Shanhai, la histórica puerta fortificada que marca el extremo oriental de la Gran Muralla China. Pero lo que la mayoría no verá será rastro alguno de los líderes del país.

El retiro anual del Partido en Beidaihe se remonta a 1953, cuando Mao Zedong, fundador de la China comunista, eligió la ciudad costera como lugar de trabajo de verano para los principales dirigentes.

Mao era conocido por su afición a nadar en mar abierto. En aquella época no existía el aire acondicionado y hasta los ventiladores eran poco comunes durante los sofocantes veranos de Beijing.

Gracias a su cercanía con la capital, Beidaihe se convirtió en el lugar ideal para que los líderes chinos definieran la agenda política en una época más tranquila del calendario.

Uno de los acontecimientos más importantes de la historia reciente de China fue la reunión de Beidaihe de 1958, durante la cual Mao decidió movilizar a todo el país para alcanzar objetivos de producción cada vez mayores, según Mitter. Esa reunión desembocó en el desastroso Gran Salto Adelante, que provocó la muerte de millones de personas por hambruna debido a una mala planificación económica.

Los retiros en Beidaihe se suspendieron durante la posterior Revolución Cultural, que duró una década, y se reanudaron tras la muerte de Mao en 1976. Deng Xiaoping, el líder más influyente de China después de Mao, solía pasar allí las vacaciones con su familia. También abrió Beidaihe al turismo extranjero en la década de 1980, cuando China buscaba con urgencia obtener divisas.

Desde entonces, el papel de Beidaihe en la política de la élite china ha evolucionado. Durante el periodo de reformas económicas de comienzos de los años 2000, los líderes evitaban ser vistos de vacaciones, explicó Mitter.

Cada año, Cai Qi, jefe de gabinete de Xi, reúne en Beidaihe a más de tres decenas de los académicos más destacados de China para debatir prioridades nacionales, como la inteligencia artificial.

La fecha de ese encuentro suele considerarse una pista sobre cuándo Xi y otros altos dirigentes iniciarán su propio descanso de verano. Según personas familiarizadas con el tema, muchos funcionarios también aprovechan la ausencia de sus jefes para viajar o tomarse unos días libres.

Mientras Xi sigue consolidando su control sobre el Partido y el país, el papel de Beidaihe en las luchas de poder de la política china ha disminuido considerablemente en los últimos años, aunque el imaginario popular sobre las intrigas palaciegas junto al mar sigue vigente.

Beidaihe ha estado asociada al poder desde hace mucho tiempo. Según registros históricos, el primer emperador de China, Qin Shi Huang, pasó por la zona en el año 221 a. C. mientras buscaba una isla mítica donde, según la leyenda, unos inmortales poseían el elixir de la vida eterna.

Se transformó en un destino moderno en 1898, cuando el Gobierno de la dinastía Qing abrió el cercano puerto de Qinhuangdao al comercio internacional y designó oficialmente a Beidaihe como un lugar de descanso estival donde chinos y extranjeros podían vivir lado a lado. La primera guía de viajes sobre Beidaihe apareció en 1921.

A medida que crecía la fama del balneario, se convirtió en un refugio predilecto de la élite política. A comienzos del siglo XX, altos funcionarios del entonces gobernante Kuomintang y diplomáticos extranjeros destinados en China construyeron villas de verano a lo largo de la costa.

Después de que los comunistas ganaran la guerra civil china en 1949, la dirigencia del Partido tomó posesión de las villas desocupadas y estableció sanatorios para soldados heridos y centros de retiro para altos dirigentes.

Se sabe que Mao ocupó las villas número 1 y 99. Según diversas versiones, le gustaba tanto Beidaihe que con frecuencia prolongaba su estancia más de lo previsto, lo que llevaba a otros altos dirigentes y funcionarios del Gobierno a hacer lo mismo.

Entre las numerosas villas apartadas de Beidaihe se encuentra la antigua residencia de verano de Lin Biao, el mariscal que llegó a convertirse en el heredero elegido por Mao. Según la versión oficial, huyó de la villa número 96 de Beidaihe tras fracasar en un intento de derrocar a Mao y murió en un accidente aéreo en 1971. La verdadera causa de su muerte sigue siendo motivo de debate entre los historiadores.

Mao escribió allí uno de sus poemas más famosos, “Langtaosha: Beidaihe” (“Las olas arrastran la arena: Beidaihe”), durante unas vacaciones en la ciudad. El poema comienza con vívidas imágenes de enormes olas blancas y un mar tan agitado que incluso los barcos pesqueros desaparecen de la vista.

La obra recorre la historia de China desde la época de su primer emperador hasta el presente, y el mar embravecido es considerado una poderosa metáfora del paso del tiempo y de la transformación del país.

Johnny Erling, periodista alemán retirado que trabajó en China durante cerca de cuatro décadas, dijo a CNN que visitó Beidaihe en numerosas ocasiones entre la década de 1980 y 2019 para comprender mejor a la élite política china.

Durante sus numerosas visitas, contó que la policía le advirtió que se mantuviera alejado.

Erling recordó que, cuando años atrás se acercó a la zona donde se cree que está el complejo reservado para la dirigencia, la seguridad se puso en alerta.

Aunque no se considera uno de los litorales más espectaculares de Asia, el atractivo de Beidaihe reside en su singular combinación de historia, cultura local y paisajes costeros.

Su ubicación en el norte de China también la convierte en un destino popular entre los viajeros rusos. Las cifras del sector turístico muestran que unos 50.000 rusos la visitan cada año.

Un ciudadano ruso residente en China dijo a CNN que Beidaihe le parecía “un lugar bastante agradable; el único problema es que el mar es un poco poco profundo”.

James Zimmerman, un estadounidense que vive y trabaja en China como abogado desde la década de 1990, dijo a CNN que hizo “una excursión de un día muy larga” a Beidaihe hace unos 20 años.

Wang Jiang, residente de Beijing, ha visitado Beidaihe varias veces desde que era niño, a comienzos de los años 2000, y ha sido testigo de la transformación de la ciudad.

En los últimos años, Wang ha viajado solo a Beidaihe para asistir al festival de teatro de la cercana Aranya, un desarrollo costero que se ha convertido en uno de los destinos de estilo de vida más influyentes de China.

Muy popular entre los jóvenes chinos, Aranya es conocida por su arquitectura de vanguardia, que incluye una capilla junto a la playa, y atrae a artistas, arquitectos y emprendedores.

Wang dijo a CNN que Beidaihe ofrece distintos niveles de acceso y privilegio para sus visitantes.

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World’s most beautiful castles

(CNN) — What is it about castles that fascinates so many people around the globe?A lot of the allure derives from the history and human drama that played out within the walls, as well as the astonishing architecture that features on so many castles. But they’re also romantic and somewhat mystical, places that spark our imagination and conjure visions of long-ago knights in shining armor and powerful warrior queens.“Because they combine two functions, they are far more interesting than fortresses or palaces,” says Marc Morris, author of “Castles: Their History and Evolution in Medieval Britain.”“What makes a castle a castle is that it combines the functions of defense and dwelling — it’s a fortification and a stately home rolled into one. Creating a building which is both comfortable and defensible is difficult. The ingenious ways in which castle-designers reconciled this balance is always intriguing.”Although we normally associate castles with European history, it’s actually an architectural form found around the world — in nations as varied as Japan and India, Morocco and Mexico.Many are now hubs of living history where modern visitors can watch jousting and other ancient combat forms, listen to medieval music or watch artisans demonstrate the arts, crafts and everyday skills of a thousand years ago.They also make great backdrops for outdoor concerts, films, theater and military performances, or for the on-location filming of movies and television shows.“With a castle you get not only the stories of sieges, but also stories of the domestic lives of the rich and famous,” says Morris. “Castles are places were plots were hatched, marriages were consummated, murders carried out, royal babies born, and so on. With castles, you are never short of fascinating things to talk about.”Read on to find out more about 21 of the world’s most beautiful castles, fortified homes that are both a feast for the eyes and a time trip back to the bygone age during which they were created.Himeji Castle, JapanLocated about 30 minutes by bullet train west of Osaka and Kobe, Himeji rises above the Inland Sea and is considered the epitome of the Japanese feudal castle.Both a Japanese national treasure and World Heritage Site, the elegant whitewashed structure is also called “White Heron Castle” because of its resemblance to a great bird taking flight.Completed in the early 17th century, Himeji offers daily guided tours in Japanese and English.Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, GreeceThis classic medieval castle towers above the island of Rhodes in the Aegean Sea. Originally built as a Byzantine citadel, it was reworked into its present Gothic form by the crusading Knights of St John when Rhodes served as the headquarters of their grand master.During the brief Italian occupation of the Dodecanese Islands, Benito Mussolini used the castle as a holiday home. Its permanent archeological exhibitions feature relics from ancient Greece and the early Christian period.Neuschwanstein, GermanyEven though many people consider this Bavarian masterpiece the epitome of a German castle, it’s a relatively new creation, erected in the late 1800s at the behest of King Ludwig II.The Bavarian monarch instructed his architects to design something that would reflect both the operas of Richard Wagner and the romantic ideals of the Middle Ages — as much a fantasy as Sleeping Beauty Castle at Disneyland, but with the snowcapped Alps as a backdrop and the Bavarian plains spread out beneath.Neuschwanstein is also a cinema darling, having appeared in numerous flicks over the years including “Chitty Chitty Bang Bang” and “The Great Escape.”Alcázar of Segovia, SpainOne of the most striking castles in all of Europe, the Alcázar rides a narrow, rocky promontory overlooking the plains of Old Castile in central Spain.Although it started life as a Roman fort, the structure evolved over hundreds of years into a prototypical medieval castle with a deep moat, drawbridge, round guard towers and a robust keep, as well as lavishly decorated royal chambers.Segovia Castle is most renowned as the home of Queen Isabella and powerful Phillip II before the royal court was moved to Madrid.Pena Palace, PortugalAnother offspring of the Romantic movement that swept 19th-century Europe, Pena crowns a hilltop near Sintra, Portugal.Commissioned by King Ferdinand II on the site of a ruined monastery dedicated to the Virgin of Pena, the castle is a flamboyant blend of various historic styles including Gothic, Moorish and Renaissance details.The castle’s vivid red-and-yellow color pattern — and its flashy clock tower — endow Pena with a much more playful air than the somber castles found elsewhere in Europe.Amber Fortress, IndiaErected in the early 17th century by the Mughal ruler of Rajasthan, the Amber Fortress crowns a hilltop near Jaipur, its stout walls reflected in the waters of Maota Lake.The palace complex inside the walls revolves around courtyards flanked by exquisite examples of Rajput architecture like the Maharaja’s Apartments, Sukh Niwas (Hall of Pleasure) and Diwan-i-Am (Royal Audience Hall).Although it was once fashionable to ride an elephant up the steep entrance road, visitors are now advised to walk or take a 4x4 taxi.Ksar of Aït-Ben-Haddou, MoroccoThis massive mudbrick structure on the edge of the Sahara has starred in more than a dozen movies and television shows including “Game of Thrones,” “Gladiator” and “The Man Who Would Be King.”The complex features a fortified lower town along the Asif Ounila River — where people still reside — and a partially ruined hilltop citadel.Berber-style guest houses provide accommodation for visitors to a ksar originally built in the 17th century as an overnight stop for caravans traveling between Marrakech and the Sudan.Kalmar Castle, SwedenFounded in the waning years of the Viking Age, Kalmar Castle traces its roots to a 12th-century defensive tower overlooking the Kalmar Strait on the Baltic Sea.Four centuries later, King Gustav and his sons transformed Kalmar into a splendid royal residence that (with the help of renovation) looks much the same today as it did in 1592.In addition to exhibitions, children’s activities and guided tours, Scandinavia’s best-preserved Renaissance castle also features special events like an exhibition of ancient Egyptian artefacts, which is open until November 2025.Castillo San Felipe del Morro, Puerto RicoGuarding the entrance to San Juan Bay, this 16th-century Spanish citadel is one of the most impressive structures in the Caribbean.Protected by a moat (with a drawbridge), stone battlements and rugged sea cliffs, the castle has repelled numerous attacks including several assaults by French pirates and a 1595 strike by Sir Francis Drake. However, it surrendered to US forces after a fierce naval bombardment during the Spanish-American War.Since 1962, El Morro and nearby Castillo San Cristóbal (the largest fort constructed by the Spanish in the western hemisphere) have been part of the San Juan National Historic Site. The grassy “field of fire” in front of the castle is now immensely popular for picnics and kite flying.Topkapi Sarayi, TurkeyAlthough it’s officially called a palace, Istanbul’s sprawling Topkapi compound bears all the features of a classic castle: defensible site, fortified walls, powerful gateways and a royal residence occupied by the Ottoman sultans from the late 15th century when it was originally constructed until the 1850s.Converted into a museum when the Ottoman Empire dissolved after World War I, the Topkapi offers extensive gardens, wall-top walks overlooking the Bosphorus, the Ottoman Imperial Harem where the ruler’s concubines resided and the Imperial Treasury with its famous emerald-encrusted golden dagger — stolen and eventually retrieved in the 1964 heist movie “Topkapi.”Edinburgh Castle, ScotlandPerched on an ancient volcanic outcrop at the end of the Royal Mile, Edinburgh Castle is considered the “most besieged place” in Britain with at least 26 major attacks during its 1,100-year lifespan.From Mary Queen of Scots to Oliver Cromwell and Sir Walter Raleigh, many famous Britons are indelibly linked the ancient edifice.Britain’s oldest crown jewels (the Honours of Scotland) are safeguarded inside a castle that also provides an incredibly fitting venue for the annual Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo.Music concerts, living history events and weapons demonstrations are among the many events staged throughout the year inside the walls. And bygone military mascots are buried in the castle’s Dog Cemetery.Schloss Vianden, LuxembourgDespite its diminutive size, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is well-endowed with castles — more than 50 are spread across an area smaller than London’s metro area. The most spectacular of these is Schloss Vianden, poised high above the Our River in northern Luxembourg.Built on the site of an ancient Roman fortress that protected the empire from barbarian invasion, the castle was constructed between the 11th and 14th centuries.Blending aspects of Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance design, it remained in royal hands until 1977 when the Grand Duke bequeathed it to the state. Vianden’s biggest annual bash is an August medieval festival with dueling knights, troubadours, jugglers and artisans.Novgorod Detinets, RussiaThe Kremlin in Moscow may be better known, but it can’t hold a candle to the one in Novgorod when it comes to medieval ambiance.Located 200 kilometers (124 miles) south of St. Petersburg, Novgorod was the seat of a powerful Russian republic from the 11th to 15th century when it was finally overshadowed by Moscow.That power was concentrated inside the detinets or kremlin with its sturdy walls and heavily fortified towers.Among its landmarks today are the Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom with its silver domes, the Novgorod Museum and the Millennium of Russia monument.Château de Chambord, FranceThere’s no better example of the transition from the fortified castles of the medieval era to palatial homes of the Renaissance than this enormous chateau in the Loire Valley.Commissioned as a “hunting lodge” by King François I in the early 16th century, the massive structure (440 rooms) took 28 years to construct.While it’s moat, corner towers and keep are purely decorative, the 500-year-old castle has nevertheless protected some real treasures, not least the a magnificent double helix staircase said to have been inspired by Leonardo da Vinci.Shuri-jô Castle, OkinawaOne of the finest examples of Chinese castle architecture is Shuri, a hilltop fortress and palace complex on the island of Okinawa in Japan.As the royal court of the independent Ryukyu Kingdom for more than 450 years — when the islands were heavily influenced by nearby China — Shuri developed a warren of imperial living quarters, audience halls, religious shrines and an extravagant throne room reminiscent of the Forbidden City in Beijing.The compound was heavily restored after World War II, when Shuri served as the local headquarters for the Imperial Japanese Army. The castle’s present-day activities range from a morning gate-opening ritual called Ukejo and multilingual audio tours of the grounds to daily dance performances and nighttime illumination.Bodiam Castle, EnglandEngland has far larger castles (Windsor) and others that are more steeped in history (Tower of London). But none boasts that textbook form of Bodiam Castle in East Sussex.Erected in 1385 as the bastion of a former royal knight, it’s the epitome of a medieval castle – thick crenelated walls supported by nine stubby towers, arrayed around a square central courtyard and reached via a wooden walkway (a drawbridge in olden days) across a wide moat.Among its many visitor summer activities are archery sessions, dressing up in medieval costumes, afternoon tea with cakes and scones and guided tours. And just seven miles away is where the landmark Battle of Hastings played out in 1066.Castillo de Chapultepec, MexicoThe only royal castle in the Americas hovers high above Mexico City.Erected in the late 1700s as a summer house for the viceroy of New Spain, the castle has played many roles since then, including the palace of Emperor Maximillian and an 1847 battle between Mexican troops and invading Americans that features in the “Marine Corps Hymn” (“From the Halls of Montezuma …”).Nowadays Chapultepec is home to Mexico’s National Museum of History. The royal quarters — including the precious Malachite Room and Maximillian’s flamboyant bedroom — are included in castle tours.Predjama Castle, SloveniaWhat makes this Slovenian castle so special is its astounding location — Predjama is arrayed across a cave mouth beneath a natural rock arch on the side of a sheer cliff.The lofty setting made it virtually impregnable when it was constructed in the 13th century. Attackers laid siege to Predjama on numerous occasions, but a secret passageway (that still exists today) allowed the defenders to come and go at will.Located 62 kilometers (38 miles) from Ljubljana, the castle and its park-like grounds host the Erasmus Knight’s Tournament, a medieval festival and jousting competition staged every July.Castello Aragonese, ItalyThis island bastion overlooking the Bay of Naples is the oldest castle on our list, tracing its roots to the 5th century BC when Greeks colonized the region. From Roman legionnaires to Napoleon’s troops, many armies have occupied Aragonese over the years.The castle now belongs to the family of an Italian lawyer who purchased the fortified island in 1912 and began restoration of its battlements, churches, convents, crypts and gardens. In addition to views that stretch all the way across the bay to Mount Vesuvius, Aragonese Castle boasts outdoor cafes, a bookshop, art exhibits and outdoor movies.Prague Castle, Czech RepublicPrague’s imposing citadel is also one of the few castles anywhere in the world that still boasts real political power — the official residence of the president of the Czech Republic.Among the other landmarks inside its spacious confines are St Vitus Cathedral, the Old Royal Palace, 10 gardens and a row of 16th-century cottages called the Golden Lane that once housed the castle guards.Guided tours, offered during daylight and evening hours, last around three hours.Krak des Chevaliers, SyriaReportedly damaged during Syria’s recently ended civil war, Krak des Chevaliers remains one of the world’s great castles — and the only one on our list that has experienced 21st-century conflict.Created in the 12th century by the Knights of St. John, the celebrated Krak is considered the epitome of a crusader castle in the Middle East and one of the greatest statements of medieval military architecture.The structure features two mighty walls separated by a moat on a steep hillside between Homs and the Mediterranean Sea. It’s hoped that the end to the fighting in Syria will enable restoration and repair work.This article was first published in 2019. It was updated and republished in June 2025The-CNN-Wire™ & © 2026 Cable News Network, Inc., a Warner Bros. Discovery Company. All rights reserved.
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