World’s largest whale graveyard found by sub at bottom of ocean

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The world’s largest whale graveyard has been discovered at the bottom of the Indian Ocean by Chinese scientists, who found that the vast expanse of both new and ancient carcasses supports huge communities of deep-sea life.

It is the deepest and oldest known whale graveyard on Earth, according to research published in the journal Nature on Wednesday, with some fossils dating back 5.3 million years.

From inside a small submersible, the Chinese researchers saw many strange animals — many believed to be new to science — living off the whale carcasses.

A new, though extinct, species of whale was also identified among the nearly 500 skeletons that were found up to 7,000 meters deep along a 1,200-kilometer corridor of bones in the Indian Ocean west of Australia.

Lead study author Xiaotong Peng of the Chinese Academy of Sciences told AFP that the researchers were “astonished” when the scale of their discovery became clear.

It was known that when whales die and drop to the seafloor, their sunken bodies — called “whale falls” — provide a source of food to deep-sea creatures.

“But discovering a necropolis of this scale was completely unexpected: the size of distribution, the depth and the age range were far beyond anything we had imagined,” Xiaotong Peng said.

The whales were believed to have died in such numbers in this particular area because it is a popular foraging habitat — and has a V-shaped trench that funnels carcasses to the seafloor.

“Truly incredible experience”

For the discovery, the Fendouzhe submersible carried out 32 dives in 2023 — though what it found was only revealed in Nature on Wednesday.

The sub took up to three people on the dives, collecting the fossil samples using robotic arms.

Study co-author Peng Zhou said witnessing the whale graveyard “was a truly incredible experience.”

“The vibrant ecosystems we saw offered a completely different perspective on this otherwise dark and cold ocean floor.”

Among the animals they discovered living off the carcasses were jellyfish, brittle stars, bone-boring worms and mollusks called bivalves.

Most of the 485 fossils the scientists catalogued were from different species of beaked whales.

Extrapolating from the number of bones they found, the scientists estimated there could be more than 10 million carcasses across the area, which is called the Diamantina Zone.

The study includes a map showing the distribution of whale fossils and whale falls in the Diamantina Zone as well as detailed illustrations of fossil crania.

The soft tissue and lipids inside that many carcasses “translates to roughly 6.7 million tonnes of sequestered carbon,” Xiaotong Peng said.

This provides an immense source of sustenance for animals, similar to how hydrothermal vents create their own ecosystems on the ocean floor.

Some of the animals seen by the scientists also live in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, suggesting whale carcasses could help connect these deep-sea communities.

“The results support the hypothesis that deep-sea whale falls act as evolutionary hotspots and biogeographic stepping stones for sulfide-dependent fauna in the deep ocean,” the study’s authors write.

While this is by far the largest whale graveyard yet found, fossils found during trawling suggest “comparable hidden archives may be widespread in the global deep oceans,” the study says.

“Remarkable discovery”

Xikun Song, a biologist with the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, told The Associated Press that a whale’s size and the unique chemistry of its bones are the keys to forming these unique underwater neighborhoods.

“At the same time, the very nature of the deep ocean makes these sites exceptionally difficult for scientists to locate,” Song, who was involved with the latest find, wrote in an email.

University of Hawaii oceanographer Craig Smith, who discovered the first whale fall in 1987 but was not involved in the new research, told AFP it was “extremely exciting.”

“The vast number of fossil whale falls documented, including a new species of beaked whale, is truly amazing and is of major importance to understanding whale evolution and whale distributions over geologic time,” he said.

Whale fall researcher Amy Baco-Taylor at Florida State University told AFP the “remarkable discovery” would “likely provide many new insights.”

This includes for the animals living in these “chemosynthetic” communities, whose numbers had been thought to have been drastically reduced by human whaling, she added.

American paleontologist Stephen Godfrey compared the “truly unique discovery” to past major underwater finds, such as when scientists first identified hydrothermal vents teeming with life on the ocean floor in 1977.

He called for future submersible voyages to find more whale graveyards across the world.

This discovery “reminded me of a trailer for the first in a series of epic movies,” Godfrey commented in a linked Nature paper.

“I hope that there will be many more of these blockbusters to come,” Godfrey wrote.

The discovery was announced just weeks after the Chinese Academy of Sciences reported the world’s oldest known fish fossils were found in China — one was just 3 centimeters long and the other was “the largest vertebrate of its time,” researchers said.