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Yeast has been growing in the guts of a frozen mummy called Oetzi the Iceman for thousands of years, scientists have discovered, telling AFP they used it to make a sourdough bread.
More than 5,300 years ago — before the Egyptian pyramids were built — Oetzi was strolling through the Alps on the border of Austria and Italy when he was killed by an arrow in the back.
He remained frozen in the ice until two German hikers stumbled across his mummified remains in 1991 in the northern Italian region of South Tyrol.
Since then, his stunningly well-preserved remains have been kept at the same temperature — minus six degrees Celsius — as his icy tomb.
This has allowed scientists to carefully study Oetzi, who offers an incredibly rare window into ancient human life.
For the latest research, published in the Microbiome journal on Wednesday, an Italy-based team found evidence that both ancient and modern microbial life remain active in the frozen body.
“What we didn’t expect to find was yeast,” lead study author Mohamed Sarhan of the Eurac Research institute in the Italian city of Bolzano told AFP.
Simone Crepaldi/AP/dapd
“His body hosts living, metabolically capable organisms that are actively responding to their environment,” Sarhan told the Reuters news agency. “The cold-adapted yeasts are growing. Certain bacteria have colonized and persisted across his tissues for decades. The mummy is, in a very real sense, a living biological interface — a meeting point between the ancient world and the present, where microbes from 5,000 years ago coexist with organisms that arrived last decade.”
“Very good sourdough”
The scientists discovered four different yeasts that can survive sub-zero temperatures in Oetzi’s guts, skin and “brownish” water that melted off his body when he was partially unfrozen.
These kinds of yeast only live in very cold conditions such as Antarctica, so are believed to have entered Oetzi’s body at some point after he died.
Genetic analysis revealed “DNA damage levels very comparable to the original microbes” in the Iceman’s guts, suggesting the yeast entered his body soon after death, Sarhan said.
“These yeasts have accompanied Oetzi on his long journey through the millennia,” study co-author Frank Maixner said in a statement.
The scientists then reproduced the gut yeast in a fridge.
“If you tell anyone you have yeast, they immediately ask: can we use it for bread?” Sarhan said.
So they tried to make a sourdough loaf.
“Initially it didn’t work,” the microbiologist admitted.
But after three months of effort “we had a very, very good sourdough,” Sarhan said with a laugh.
When asked if the scientists were considering using the yeast to brew beer, he responded: “It’s on the list.”
The study contained more serious possible uses for the yeast.
When the mummy was found in 1991, it was initially treated as a normal cadaver. A chemical called phenol was used to stop fungus from growing in the body.
However the strange yeast was able to eat the phenol, meaning that in the future it could help break down the chemical in contaminated environments, the scientists said.
Inside the ancient microbiome
The yeast was not the only surprising discovery in Oetzi’s body.
An analysis of his microbiome revealed a particular kind of a gut bacteria that is almost non-existent among modern humans.
Though gone from the stomachs of people in the industrialized world, the bacteria has been detected among tribes in Africa and South America, Sarhan said.
Leopold Nekula/Sygma via Getty Images
It has also been found in 3,000-year-old feces preserved in a salt mine in Hallstatt, Austria — which serves as one of the only other available views into the ancient human microbiome.
Oetzi and these Bronze Age salt miners ate more fiber and whole grain than modern-day people, Sarhan explained.
The study, published in the journal Microbiome, said it “reveals that the Iceman is not a biologically ‘frozen’ time-capsule but rather a complex ecosystem.”
Previous research revealed Oetzi’s last meals included deer and goat meat as well as wheat, Reuters reported. Previous research showed he was about age 45 when he died and was in good physical condition, carrying a copper ax, longbow, arrows and quiver and dagger.
“He is a visitor who provides us precious insights into the past,” Maixner told Reuter.
It is too early to say whether the yeast is harming the mummy, Sarhan said, calling for more research.
Nikolay Oskolkov, a researcher at the Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis not involved in the study, told AFP it was interesting that “the Iceman’s microbiome is not ‘frozen'”.
However Oskolkov, who previously discovered ancient fungus in the mummy’s guts, cautioned that the yeast samples were only taken in 2010 and 2019.
This provides “very little evidence that the yeasts have been multiplying over millennia,” he said, adding that he believed they were “relatively recent colonists of the mummy’s body.”
In 2023, scientists determined that Oetzi was mostly descended from farmers from present day Turkey, and his head was balder and skin darker than what was initially thought.
